Foundation of Literature

Reflection

Title : Lanang

Author : Yonathan Rahardjo

Editor : A. Fathoni

Publisher : Pustaka Alvabet

Year : 2008

Page : 440

Size : 12,5 X 20 cm

Summary :

Dewi was a holder of doctorate who worked as a henchman of foreign corporation. She had a duty for supplying genetic engineer product from foreign country. She created transgenic animal that was able to spread the virus of disease named wild boar bird or Burung Babi Hutan. Since appearing of this peculiar animal, the area of dairy cow where Lanang worked suddenly attacked by the mysterious disease. Lanang was a clever veterinarian. With the government and the society, they tried to find out the cause of the dairy cow’s death. He had made some researches, but he still failed to solve it. When he had been out of ideas, an animal shaman declared his statement that the cow’s of the dairy cow’s death was an animal with supernatural powers which was called Burung Babi Hutan. Traditional mysticism polemic versus modern biotechnology made the problem become hard to be solved.

Comment :

Reading this novel is like watching a movie. The plot of the story is very surprising. This story vividly tells about disagreement, deception, religion, spiritual, accident, prostitution and sex. There is a psychological conflict among the characters that is appeared deeply and presented like real. Honestly, I have already known that Marah Rusli, Taufik Ismail and Asrul Sani are animal veterinarian. Same like Yonathan Rahardjo, behind their skills in animal medical, they also have skill in writing many interesting novels. I think that is an impressive thing. An animal veterinarian who dominates the scientific language can also dominate poetic language. Apparently scientists also can be romantic person. I think Lanang is an interesting reading.

Experience :

The story of Lanang represented psychological and spiritual condition of Indonesia people nowadays. This story can be a reflection of what is being happened in the field of animal medical and animal husbandry in this country. Mysticism that has been personality of Indonesia and science are often become a debate case for our society. They can never be able to be united because they have their own position in our society.

Media Pembelajaran

Chapter 11

E-learning: online teaching and training

e-learning refers to learning that takes place using technology, such as the internet, CD-ROMs and portable devices like mobile phones or MP3 players. Terms that are associated with e-learning and often used interchangeably and can be rather confusing are:

- Distance learning. It originally applied to traditional paper-based distance courses delivered by mail.

- Open learning. This is one aspect of distance learning and simply refers to how much independence the learner has.

- Online Learning. This is learning which takes place via the Internet.

- Blended learning. This is a mixture of online and face-to-face course delivery.

Online learning is often delivered via a learning ‘platform’ or Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). It also known as a Learner Management System (LMS), or a virtual classroom, a VLE is a web-based platform on which course content can be stored. Learners can access it on the internet. They also can see course content, such as documents, audio and video lectures, and they can do activities such as quizzes, questionnaires and tests or use communication tools like discussion forums or text and audio chat. The advantage of a VLE for course delivery is that everything is n one place, and most VLEs provide tracking facilities, so that the online tutor can see who has logged n when, and see what activities learners have done, or what documents and forums they have accessed.

Media Pembelajaran (Chapter 10)

CHAPTER 10

Producing electronic material

What are electronic materials?

Electronic materials refer to informational resources, exercises and activities that teachers create and the learners use on a computer as web page or CD-ROM content, or even in printed form. There are many reasons why teachers might want to create and use their own electronic materials in class. Firstly, teachers will be able to provide extra practice for weaker learners, and consolidation and review exercises for groups. Secondly, as teachers build up a collection of their own resources with their own learners’ need in mind, teachers will start to generate a large bank of materials which can be used in class or for self-study at any point in the future. In class these kinds of materials can provide a change of pace and can be highly motivating.

Creating electronic materials online

One of the easist way of getting started in creating electronic materials online is to use some of the simple exercise generators which can be found online. One of the most popular is the Discovery School Puzzlemaker (http://puzzlemaker.school.discovery.com). Puzzle makers are ideal tools for reviewing vocabulary, and take the hard work out of preparing many different quick qiizzes. Another useful tool is Smile (http://smile.clear.msu.edu.). This tool allows teachers to create a free account in which to manage their own online bank of exercises with student tracking and a good variety of exercise types.

What is an outhoring tool?

An authoring tool is an installable program that allows teachers to create materials in electronic format which can then be distributed on a CD-ROM, DVD, USB pen drive, floppy disc or via a web page to the learners. Authorinng programs are used to make CD-ROM-based reference tools like Microsoft Encarta, but also more simple resources like information leaflets, brochures, handouts and interactive exercises.

Using authoring tools to produce materials

One of the most famous authoring tool in teachers field is Hot Potatoes. This is a small Windows or Mac program that creates a variety of exercises and can be freely downloaded for educational porposes (http://hotpot.uvic.ca/). This program will install on teachers computerand allow teachers to create web-based execises of the following types:

- multiple choice

- short answer

- jumbled sentence

- crossword

- matching/ordering

- gap-fill

Chapter 9

Technology-based courseware

CD-ROM or Compact Disc Read-Only Memory looks exactly like an audio CD but contains multimedia files that are programmed to use text, images, audio and video to provide interactivity. CD-ROMs are primarily designed for learners to work on alone as follow up to a lesson, either in a school self-access centre or at home. They can include features such as allowing learners to choose their own path through the CD-ROM materials by making their own lesson plans. Many coursebook CD-ROMs also have testing materials incorporated, so that learners can check their own progress, as well as a grammar reference section and mini-dictionary.

DVD or Digital Versatile Disc similar to CD-ROMs in that a variety of data can be stored on them but they have much greater storage capacity than CD-ROMs. DVDs are usually used as an alternative to video cassettes, which are becoming increasingly outdated. There are several types of activities that can be done to integrate a CD-ROM into the class :

- In the single computer classroom or school, pairs of learners can take turns to do a few CD-ROM activities.

- If the teacher has access to a data projector and one computer, CD-ROM or DVD content can be projected onto a screen for the whole class to view and work on together, with learners taking turns to take control of the computer mouse.

- If the school has a computer room or self-access centre, the teacher can program in regular short sessions, for example once a week or fortnight, in which learners work alone or in pairs on CD-ROM materials during class time.

Computer-based testing, online testing, e-assessment… all of these terms refer to a phenomenon which has become increasingly visible in English language teaching in the last few years, that of taking test via a computer rather than on paper. Here are some examples :

- Learners can be given a diagnostic test on a computer before they start a course. This assesses their language levels in the skills of reading, writing, listening and even in discrete item pronunciation, as well as in grammar and vocabulary.

- Learners can take simple progress tests on CD-ROM. These tests will be based on the work that the learners have been doing in their coursebooks.

- Learners can take internationally recognized examinations on a computer, for example the Internet-based TOEFL Test from ETS.

Electronic portfolios also called ePortfolios or digital portfolios. A portfolio is considered to be a richer way of assessing students, as it provides a much clearer idea of learner achievements and products than test scores or grades. ePortfolios are becomingly increasingly common in education, especially in secondary schools and further education institutions, reflecting the growing importance of, and access to, technology in our lives, as well as the rise of the electronic job market. A learner applying for a job with a company can send an ePortfolio of work to a prospective employer easily and quickly, and so display a range of skills not reflected in a test score.

An interactive whiteboard (IWB) is made interactive by being linked to a computer which uses special IWB software. The tree components needed to use an IWB are the whiteboard itself, a computer which has IWB software installed and a data projector which projects the image from the computer screen onto the whiteboard. What makes the interactive whiteboard different from a normal whiteboard is that the teacher uses a special pen (or their finger with some makes of board) to manipulate content on the whiteboard itself, rather than using the mouse to manipulate images on the computer screen, which the teacher can also do. The main advantage of an IWB used with a computer and data projector over a computer and data projector used on their own is that teachers can write on the IWB with their fingers and interact with what is on the screen from the front of the class rather than having to look down to their computers and using the mouse too control the screen.

Chapter 8

Online reference tools

· Dictionaries

There are many dictionaries that usually used by learners like bilingual, semi-bilingual or monolingual dictionaries. Traditionally monolingual dictionaries have been used by higher-level learners, but increasingly there is a wide range of monolingual dictionaries that have been written for learners with a lower level of language proficiency. Teacher can find the appropiate dictionary by clicking on terms in popular word processing programs or on web pages. Some electronic dictionaries are also available free online with limited functionality, for example including the definition but not giving teacher the audio. Clearly, these electronic dictionaries provide a powerful resource for learners working on their own in the classroom.

· Thesauruses

Thesauruses are more suited to the intermediate and advance levels than to the elementary or pre-intermediate levels, where much more language is new to the learners. A thesaurus can be used for writing projects. It can encourage leraners to be more adventurous in their creative writing at the same time as helping them to analyse their output more critically.

· Concordancers and corpuses for language analysis

A concordancer is similar to a search engine in many respects. Essentially, it is a samll program that can examine large quantities of text for patterns and occurences of particular words or phrases. Corpus can be used for generating test material. It can be used for higher levels. A corpus can serve as a useful reference tool in the classroom for the more intricate example of language use.

Chapter 7

Blogs, wikis and podcasts

· Blogs in language teaching

Blog is essentially a web page with regular diary or journal entries. Blogs used in education is known as edublogs. Edublogs cover a wide range of topics related to education, from musings on educational policy and developments to learner composition. An edublog can be set up by a teacher, by individual learners or by a class. A teacher may decide to use a blog to provide their learners with news and comments on issues, extra reading practice or homework, online links, a summary of a class for learners who were unable to attend, study tips and so on.

A blog set up and maintained by a teacher is known as a tutor blog. The teacher may decide to allow their learners to write comments in the blog. A teacher may encourage their learners to each set up and maintain their own individual blog. These are known as student blogs. Learners can be ask to to post to their blogs, once or twice a week, or however the teacher judges convenient, and content can range from comment on current affair to description of daily activities.

· Wikis in language teaching

Wiki is a collaborative web space, consisting of a number of pages that can be edited by any user. A wiki is like a public website, or public web page, started by one person, but which subsequent visitor can add to, delete or change as they wish. A wiki lends itself especially well to collaborative writing. The mechanic of using a wiki are relatively simple: learners can add new pages to a wiki, as well as edit to a previous pages.

· Podcasts in language teaching

Podcast is an audio and /or video file that that is broadcast via the Internet and can be downloaded to a computer or mobile device such as an MP3 player for listening/viewing. There are two main uses of podcasts in teaching. Firstly learner can listen to podcasts made by other hand, secondly, they can produce their own podcasts.

Reflection

Title : For Margaret
Author : Stanley Moss

Summary :
This poem tells about a daughter and her mother who was dying. She tried to remember about her mother’s poor life that full with sadness. Although her mother was just a poor woman but her mother always helps her to carry the weight of her life. She was very regret that she cannot make her mother happy. Now, when she realized that her mother was dying, she wishes that she could to sit upon the grass together with her mother and talk about grandchildren and great grandchildren with her. She wish that she could spend her time with accompany her mother’s life.

Comment :
I think this poem is full with repentance in one’s life. The writer wrote each verse clearly and used some simile words in describing a woman’s poor life.

Experience :
This poem reminds me with my mother. It teaches me that I have to make my mother’s life happy because I do not want to feel regret later. As a daughter, I do not want to make my mother’s life in vain. I will take her care and protect her as much as I can.